Although we know that Betelgeuse's death is inevitable, we're not quite sure if it's imminent.   Orion's eastern shoulder star could explode as a Type II supernova anytime within the next one million years.    Unfortunately, both our knowledge about stellar astronomy in general and about Betelgeuse's life cycle in particular are both limited.  Consequently, we're left with rough estimates.     Betelgeuse will someday perish in a dazzling detonation capable of producing immense amounts of energy over a relatively brief period.  In fact, the supernova might have already occurred, but since the star is approximately 620 light years away, information about that event has not yet reached us.  

A star's structure is maintained by two antagonistic forces: gravity, which compresses the star and the outward moving energy pressure.  When the core thermonuclear fusion reactions cease in a highly massive star, this balance is violently disrupted.  The collapse of the outer layers onto the core precipitates this supernova.    

 When Betelgeuse does go supernova, our planet will sustain no damage simply because at an estimated distance of 642 light years, the star is not nearly close enough to impart harmful radiation onto Earth. In fact, according to a study published in 2017 entitled 'A Supernova at 50 parsecs: effects on Earth's Atmosphere and Biota," ’ Earth’s ecosystems could be grievously damaged or even destroyed by a supernova that occurs within 50 light years of Earth. This conclusion was based on what are believed to have been ‘nearby’ supernova explosions which might have occurred 6.5–8.7 million and 1.7 -2.7 million years ago. Obviously, neither event led to extinction events but were detectable in the ‘geological strata.’ For instance, the second of these two events left traces of the Iron-60 isotope along ocean crust.*

At the moment, we face no peril from such a supernova explosion. The closest Supernova progenitor candidate IK Pegasi B, a white dwarf companion of IK Pegasi A located about 164 light years away. This white dwarf could accumulate sufficient material from its much larger companion to eventually explode as a Type Ia supernova. Fortunately, this possible supernova candidate is too far away to cause us harm.

I hope this answer proves helpful.

*Supernovae happen at the end of a highly massive star's life cycle. A star generates energy and sustains its structure by core thermonuclear fusion reactions. These reactions transform light elements into heavier ones (such as hydrogen into helium or carbon into oxygen, to cite two common examples.) The fusion transmutes some of the initial material into energy, the pressure from which balances the relentless gravitational compression. If a star is sufficiently massive, its core pressures are high enough to permit fusion of heavier elements, such as silicon and even iron. However, no star can produce the temperatures necessary for iron fusion. The exhaustion of the core iron reserves disrupts the balance between the contracting gravity and expanding energy. The outer layers collapse onto the core, precipitating an explosion.

Not only does the supernova destroy the star, it also imparts enough energy to facilitate the high-powered fusion reactions needed to create all the elements heavier than iron. The resultant heavy-element nebula expands through space, conveying the heavy elements to other star systems. So, if a supernova is close enough to a star/planetary system, its nebula will sprinkle particles onto the bodies within it.

Now, one might think that if we can identify these particles, we could conclude that a supernova happened nearby, right? Well, unfortunately, the issue is not quite that simple. You see, our solar system (including us) formed from a nebula that, itself, was rife with supernova elements. We're all composed of exploded star bits. How could we distinguish between recent supernova fragments and those that have been around awhile?

It's time to examine that ocean crust.

Scientists extracted pieces of what's known as "deep ocean ferromanganese crust" from the Pacific bottom. These iron rich-metallic crusts serve as handy geological repositories because they grow at the painfully slow rate of 2.5 millimeters per million years. By studying the different layers, scientists can identify the sediments that settled onto the crust at various epochs. Well, at the layer corresponding the era about three million years ago, they discovered a sharp increase of iron-60: a radioactive iron isotope with a half life of 2.6 million years.* (Follow that asterisk if you'd like more information related to that last sentence.)

The presence of this radioactive iron compels us to ask: "how could it be there?" We know that nothing in the solar system could have smothered the planet with Iron-60. The only mechanism with which we're familiar is a supernova explosion: the event that creates heavy elements, including the radioactive Iron-60, and sends them in all directions around it. (Note: the radioactive Iron-60 within the supernova cloud that formed the solar system five billion years ago would have vanished long before.)

Based on the detected Iron-60 amounts, scientists estimate that the supernova exploded about 100 light years from Earth. (Had it been closer, the Iron-60 abundance would have been greater.) So, examination of the ferromanganese crust led to the Iron-60 discovery that, itself, led to the supernova's "discovery." This "discovery" is not a direct sight discovery, but instead, a theory based on chemical analysis of the crust. The crust is acting like a telescope: enabling us to learn about a star that might have exploded within our vicinity.

Some worry that such proximate supernovae could destroy Earth life. Not only did this event not diminish life, but, as mentioned previously, it could have led to Earth's rapid human migration from its African origin. The idea is that the supernova energized cosmic rays. These enhanced rays might have precipitated more cloud particle condensation, resulting in increased cloud cover. Such cover would have reduced the solar heating and cooled the planet. Such cooling might have made the African region drier, prompting the inhabitants to migrate away to more favorable climes.

Now, that last paragraph is stuffed with assumptions!
The notion that this supernova indirectly led to human migration is a fascinating idea, but we cannot categorically state that this correlation existed. Again, it is a theory. However, it is intriguing to think that not only could a supernova have created the solar system, but that another one might have driven humans to populate the world.