Tim I do not understand your insistence that heaven and paradise are synonyms. They are partial synonyms only in English but not in Egyptian. "Pet" means the sky, *the* heavens, the highest point. It doesn't mean heaven or paradise. Again, paradise as a unified concept did not exist in Egyptian to my knowledge. If you have firm knowledge of paradise as a unified concept much like the western "paradise" please direct me in the right direction. Gardiner may have been concerned because the sentence apparently lacks an "iw", the particle that begins all Egyptian sentences. The hieroglyph for "pet" begins what remains of the "Instruction". Several characters (words) are missing from the beginning. An "iw" might have been defaced from the instruction just to the left of "pet". In this case nothing is amiss and "pet" means loftiest point. However, if other characters that were part of the sentence were defaced then the meaning, significance and sentence part of "pet" might be changed. The hieroglyph as reproduced by Pound has another curiosity. There should be a stroke, a vertical line, just beside the character of the man. This indicates that the intended reading is "man". The "s" above the man character is adequate for reading it as "Man" but the hieroglyph is technically incomplete. I do not know precisely where Pound got the hieroglyphs. I would presume from Boris, however, Boris did not reproduce them in "Massime Degli Antichi Egizini". Boris's original translation was to Italian, "Il paradiso per un uomo e la sua buona natura," (page 19, Massime). Pound presumably translated the Italian to English. The original papyri is in St. Petersburg, Russia and I have been as yet unable to check it for the missing stroke and the "iw". Word order certainly counts. Your dismissal is like saying that inflection really doesn't count in Latin. Word order determines the subject, the principal reason for the sentence's existence. In Boris's translation the reader's attention is directed towards "Paradise". In the Egyptian the reader's attention is directed towards "Good nature". There is a major difference in emphasis. As I said before, Pound was ecstatic about this discovery of "paradise" by Boris. Pound probably thought that paradise meant much the same thing to an Egyptian as it does to modern man. It didn't. The Egyptian did not have the concept. If you want to continue to insist that the Egyptian "heaven/sky" and English "paradise" are synonyms and that the word order in a non-inflected language doesn't count, so be it. Rick Seddon McIntosh, NM